The First World War was an unprecedented catastrophe that kill one thousand thousand and set the continent of Europe on the path to further calamity two tenner later . But it did n’t come out of nowhere . With the centennial of the outbreak of hostilities coming up in 2014 , Erik Sass will be search back at the leash - up to the war , when seemingly modest moment of friction accumulated until the situation was quick to blow up . He ’ll be spread over those events 100 years after they occur . This is the 67th installment in the series .
May 1 through 4, 1913: Montenegro Backs Down, Greeks and Bulgarians Clash
In 1912 and 1913 , the victories of the Balkan League precipitated a series of diplomatical crisis which threaten to escalate into a worldwide continental war . In the first crisis , from November 1912 to March 1913 , Serbia ’s conquest of Durazzo ( Durrës ) provoked astandoffbetween Serbia ’s patron Russia and their shared enemy Austria - Hungary , whose strange curate , Count Berchtold , was check the city should go to the new self-governing country ofAlbania . Berchtold called on intermediation by all Europe ’s Great Powers at the multilateralConference of London , but the crisis was actually resolved by the bilateralHohenlohe Mission , when Russia and Austria - Hungary reached an agreement that the Serbians would withdraw in return for compensation in the DoI .
In the second crisis , from April to May 1913 , Montenegro’sconquestof Scutari ( Shkodër ) moderate to another clangour between Austria - Hungary and Russia . At first coup d’oeil , the Scutari crisis seemed less dire than the Durazzo crisis , because reason dictated the tiny kingdom would never dare all the Great Powers , who had also grant Scutari to Albania at Austria - Hungary ’s behest . And yet that is precisely what Montenegro ’s King Nikola seemed disposed to do , come out defiant statements telling the Great Powers to butt out of Balkan personal business .
Despite the obvious irrationality of this position ( Montenegro could n’t take on one Great Power , let alone all of them ) , Nikola ’s rebelliousness could well have turned the Great Powers against each other , leave in cataclysm . Indeed , the demands of prestige left very little way for negotiation or manoeuvre : While the Russians were privately urging Nikola to back down , on April 2 , at the Conference of London , they warned their colleagues that Austria - Hungary must not act one-sidedly . If Austria - Hungary attacked Montenegro , there was a good chance that Serbia would be take out in , and the Russian governing might be forced to play by pan - Slav ideologues . The British embassador to St. Petersburg , Sir George Buchanan , warn London that “ Isolated action by Austria seems now inevitable and , as the possibility of such activity has ever since the beginning of the crisis constituted the chief threat to European peacefulness , the political outlook is blacker than at any other period of the crisis . ” In 1914 , this same dynamic — in which Russia and Austria - Hungary confront off over the fate of a smaller Slavic state — would lead in tragedy .
But in May 1913 , common sense run , by however small a allowance . After Austria - Hungarymobilizedtroops along the moulding with Montenegro on April 29 , on May 2 the Austro - Magyar joint council of ministers agreed on military action and Count Berchtold train to go forth an ultimatum to Montenegro . As Austria - Hungary manage the spliff , the Conference of London offered King Nikola a carrot in the pattern of a generous loan , to the strain of £ 1,200,000 , backed by British and French banks . come across the handwriting on the wall , on May 3 the troublesome monarch ultimately caved , send a telegram to British strange writing table Sir Edward Grey state “ I place the fortune of the city of Scutari in the hand of the Powers . ” The next day he inform his own imperial council , and on May 5 , Montenegrin soldiery began withdrawing from the metropolis , sort out the path for an occupation force drawn from the multinational fleet embarrass Montenegro .
While most of Europe ’s leader were heave up a sigh of relievo , primal form in the Austro - Magyar governing viewed the peaceful effect as a neglect luck for the Dual Monarchy to settle down accounts with the southern Slavs . The drawing card of the Austro - Magyar warfare political party , tribal chief of faculty Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf — who had advocated annexation of Montenegro at the May 2 cabinet coming together — sound off bitter to a admirer as the prospect of war slipped by yet again : “ Now it is all up … pity me . ”
To make matters worse , on May 3 , the Austrian governor of Bosnia - Herzegovina , Oskar Potiorek , declared a State Department of emergency in the province as a precaution in case war broke out . The decree dissolved the local fantan , suspended civil courts , and close Slavonic cultural associations , which Potiorek accused ( with some justification ) of stir up rebellion . After the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand on June 28 , 1914 , some of the plotter would adduce these draconian measuring stick as one the grievance prompt their law-breaking .
Greeks and Bulgarians Clash
As tension alleviate in the western Balkans , they were lift again in the east , where the appendage of the Balkan League fell tosquabblingover the spoilation of the First Balkan War . impoverish of their Albanian conquests by the Great Powers at the Conference of London , in early 1913 the Serbians repeatedly ask the Bulgarians for a large part of Macedonia , but their asking were ignored , even as Serbian troops aid BulgariacaptureAdrianople . Meanwhile Romania involve the territory of Silistra , in northern Bulgaria , in income tax return for recognizing Bulgarian conquest to the south — where engagement was also brew between Bulgaria and Greece .
Although full - scale of measurement ill will were still a month away , on May 1 , 1913 , Greek and Bulgarian troops skirmished near the larboard urban center of Kavala , which was lay claim by both incline but assigned to Bulgaria by the Conference of London . On May 5 , the Serbians and Greeks harmonize on a secret pact divide up Bulgarian territory in Macedonia , to be follow by a military alliance against Bulgaria on May 14 . And on May 8 the Great Powers , who were arbitrating the dispute between Romania and Bulgaria , assign Silistra to Romania , mull Russia ’s desire to lucubrate its influence in the Balkans by winning favor with Romania . Russia justified the decision by promise to compensate Bulgaria with territory to the south — but here Greece stand in the way . Unsurprisingly , Bulgaria resisted the judgment , leading to a dispute with Romania ( as well as a come out with Russia , which the Bulgarians incriminate of betrayal ) . In June 1913 all these conflicts would erupt in the Second Balkan War .
See theprevious installmentorall entries .
